Funeral Program Template - Download Free Forms & Samples for PDF, Word, Excel. Sample Funeral Program Template - 3. Download Free Documents in PDF , Word , PSD , EXcel. To commemorate the death of a person we often arrange a short remembrance program followed by luncheons or dinner. Download Funeral Template for free. 9 printable templates, samples & charts in PDF, Word, Excel formats. Such events require formal invitation which can be easily completed with the help of Invitation cards for the funeral. You may also check Funeral Brochure Templates. Here are a set offuneral program templatesfor invitation mentioned to choose from: 1. Best Funeral Templates Bundle in Word Format. Red and Blue Rose Funeral Program Bi Fold Brochure. Create your Funeral Cards using your own contents by Funeral. A free funeral program template makes life a little easier for people that find themselves in the unfortunate. Place your order today, for exclusive collections of premium funeral programs templates, at our web store. We help you make memorial services unforgettable! Download Funeral Program Template for free. Try printable samples, formats & charts for PDF, Word, Excel. Download any of our premium templates or a simple and free funeral program template compatible with Word. Funeral program template for funeral program allows you to create funeral program using online editor with your all content. Free sample before pay. A4 Bi Fold Funeral Program Brochure. Dark Funeral A4 Bi. Fold Brochure Template with Word DOCWhite Floral Funeral A4 Bi. Fold Brochure Download. Funeral Templates Bundle in Word File. PSD Funeral Program A4 Template. Funeral Program Invitation Card. Floral Funeral Program Brochure PSDMemorial Service Funeral Program A4 Brochure. Funeral Program PSD Brochure. Bi- Fold Sample Template for Funeral PSDHome Going Funeral Template. This kind of a funeral program invitation template is suitable for remembering the one who was loveable and adorable to many. This template comes in an Adobe Indesign, Adobe Photoshop and Microsoft publisher version which gives the comfy of using and editing to the event manager. Catholic Funeral Template. The catholic template is a leaflet kind of invitation that bears the dates of both birth and death of the dead person. The names of the surviving family members and professional details of the dead person are also mentioned in the template. This template comes in editable PDF format for the customer convenience. Foldable Template for Funeral. Such a funeral program template gives a soothing sense with its design and layout of cool blue and subtle brown color. This template comes with a 1. You may design this template with photos, quotes, poems and more in a very reasonable price. Memorial Service Program Template. This kind of template is a must have for an event planner or if you are planning a memorial service for the event of a funeral. This has 4 Photoshop files all editable. Also includes editable graphics and colours this template is easy to customize. Bi- Fold Funeral Program Samples Template. Arranging an event for the one who is no more with us has become a somewhat challenging job. This has also been made easy with templates like this Bi- Fold one which is almost ready to use with a few customization. A very sober and decent formatted template provides enough space for photos, hymns and a blessing. Heaven’s Gift Funeral Program Template. This template is great choice for arranging a funeral program and its invitation. You will save time with this template as it. The colour choice and the font selection of the template make it more elegant and impressive for the occasion. The Finale Funeral Template. If you are in search of a ready to use template, this kind of a template is your right choice for invitation. This is a ready to download and print template which gives you the full freedom to just paste the photo of the dead person and the few necessary details and it. The 1. 0 page spread design wonderfully set with a combination of different font types like Bebas. Neue. Bebas. Neue, Georgia, Franklin Gothic Regular giving it classy look. Floral Funeral Program Template. A funeral program can also be made memorable with the selection of such a template. This template with watercolour floral designs and choice fully selected font type and colour can also be used for other occasions side by side to a funeral invitation. The template gives opportunity to edit with ample ease. Lavender Funeral Program Template. A blissful and completely vintage look of this template makes it very elegant and choice full selection for the purpose is this Lavender funeral template. The beauty of purple focus on the photos and writings has made it more unique selection in the eyes of the event organizer. Funeral Program Template PDFModern Funeral Program. Free Funeral Program Examples. Victorian Funeral Program Template. To ease the process of designing, downloading and printing, you can take help of ready to download and print templates available online nowadays.
0 Comments
Which Flight Affiliate Program Should You Use? With so many options out there, choosing the right affiliate program can be difficult. But if you’re serious about affiliate marketing, it’s also one of the most important components of affiliate marketing success. We at Dohop won’t pretend that our flight affiliate program is the right one for everybody. Carefully consider these factors before choosing the right flight affiliate program for you. Commission Structure. Aside from how well the program actually pays, you need to consider the payment structure it offers. Is it a pay- per- lead or a pay- per- booking system? This is a very good question and one that I, surprisingly, don’t get asked that often. Last year we changed from a per- lead to a per- booking system, for a good reason. The fact is, if you have quality traffic, you will get paid more under a per- booking system. If you are serious about affiliate marketing, you should be focusing on getting quality traffic anyways, as we talked about in a previous post. As an example, we randomly chose an affiliate that has been through both the per- lead and per- booking systems and compared results. Home Becoming our partner Affiliates Bravofly Affiliate Programme Do you have a website and would like to generate revenue from your traffic? Do you think your users. If you have a website and would like to become one of our affiliates. Ryanair; Easyjet; Wizzair; Alitalia; Lufthansa.
Join our affiliate programme. Information centre News. Our partners Affiliates Marketing and sponsorship Welcome to comparethemarket.com's Affiliate Programme - an opportunity to partner with one of the UK. SAS offers cheap flights to Scandinavia, Europe, Asia and North America. Book your flight today on flysas.com. The Anti-Affililate – Ryanair. August 10, 2008; Paul Savage; 5 Comments; Just trawling through some of the papers this evening I see an interesting story about Ryanair. Ryanair boss Michael O’Leary has decided to block all. Affiliate Programs list of merchants on Paid On Results an Affiliate Network based in the UK. This affiliate was earning $0. July 2. 01. 3 (per- lead system) but under the per- booking system in July 2. The $4. 5 per booking earned by this particular affiliate is actually below the average, which ranges from $5- 6. Beyond this particular affiliate, the average commission per click have increased from $0. So, we would strongly recommend choosing a program that pays per booking, as it will earn you more money in the long run. This is especially true if you focus on getting high quality (high- converting) traffic. How much can you earn? Whether you choose a per- lead or per- booking system, you need to know how much the program is paying you and how it compares to other programs. The actual amount you will earn for each click or booking depends on how much the program’s vendors pay, which will vary between vendors. You should look for the share of vendor payouts. Below you will find how some of the major flight affiliate programs are splitting their revenue with their affiliates. Per- Lead Cheapflights: 6. Skyscanner: 6. 0% Momondo: 6. Wego: 5. 0% e. SKY Partners: 4. Per- Booking. Dohop: 5. Avg. Of course it is going to depend on the quality of your traffic, but using averages you can get a rough estimate. For example, if you have 1. With an average commission of $6. Again, this is very much dependent on the quality of your traffic and we have several affiliates making well over $5. Conversion Rate. Conversion rate is a key performance indicator for all flight search engines. If you choose a program that uses a per- booking commission structure, you need to find out how well their search results are converting compared to others. Also, keep in mind that if your business/blog does not have much recognition, setting up a white label is not recommended, as it can reduce conversion rates. Ask the affiliate manager to tell you the average conversion rate among active affiliate members. If they don’t respond quickly, that’s a bad sign in itself and you might want to consider a different program. For Dohop Affiliates, the average click conversion rate is 1. For smaller players and new sites, you should expect a lower conversion rate, or anywhere from 3- 1. As far as actual bookings go, the average visit to booking conversion rates is around 1. The conversion rate is determined by many factors, including which vendors are displayed in the search results. In general, conversion rates are rather low for flight searches, as people use them a lot to compare prices before making an ultimate decision. Vendors. Some vendors do not allow per- booking tracking and others do not even allow their prices to by displayed outside their own website (Ryanair, Southwest). This can be a particularly difficult problem in the United States. If some affiliate program claims to include and pay commission for all vendors, they are simply lying. Figure out your target market, do your research on which affiliate program will best serve your users and go from there. Test Run. Before buying a car, it makes sense to test drive it, right? Joining an affiliate program is a commitment in terms of time, learning, and data. That’s why you should try signing up for at least 2 affiliate programs and get a good feel for the pros and cons of each. We are all different and it’s important that you are confident in choosing a program that best serves your individual needs. Support. Did you contact the affiliate manager with a question but didn’t get an answer? Support is an important factor that is often overlooked. When your income is dependent on an affiliate program, you want to make sure that it provides the necessary support. This is particularly true for larger affiliates, who are making significant money every day and need quick support when something goes wrong. Brand Strength & Reputation. Brand strength and reputation is important for two different reasons. First, reputation is a good indicator of quality and future performance of the program. Second, brand strength can be important for affiliates who want to increase customer confidence. This can help boost conversion rates and ultimately increase revenue. Product / Technology. Running a good affiliate program is one thing. Offering a great product, i. No matter how well the affiliate program is run, you want to make sure that it is offering a world- class product for your users. Dohop, for example, has been voted the “World’s leading flight comparison website” and is proud of its industry- leading self- connect technology, which allows us to find cheaper tickets more often than many of our competitors. Find out what the program is offering beyond others, in terms of the product itself, and take that into consideration. Tracking & Reporting Platform. Make sure that the flight affiliate program offers an easy way to track your performance. You want a simple overview in the dashboard and the ability to look at each individual booking/click and see the most important information. You should be able to break down your performance by specific dates, individual days, graph visits, commission, and bookings, and be able to break down your commissions by source. You also want to take a look at what kind of special reports the program offers and see if it allows you to export your data to Excel. Below are some of the must- have information all programs should make available to affiliates: You also need to think about mobile tracking and reporting. Has the flight affiliate program made this available? Mobile is growing fast. In fact, it is growing so fast that NOT having a mobile strategy is odd. We created a responsive version of Dohop and launched it late in 2. We then made the search box available to our whitelabel partners. We wrote about why you should care about mobile strategy recently. If your site is not responsive (meaning that it looks normal to i. Pad and smartphone users) at least a third of your guests will go somewhere else. If you put our search box on your site it will appear perfectly on all tablets and smartphones. Promo Materials. The flight affiliate program relies on your success for its own success. That’s why it makes sense for it to provide you with various tools and promotional materials. Before choosing a program, think about the kind of tools and marketing materials are right for your business. Here is a list of some of the most essential and common promo materials for flight affiliate programs. Incentives. Is the program offering its affiliates incentives to grow and increase sales? Is there an opportunity to increase revenue share, earn bonuses, or increase revenues through a referral program? The affiliate program should value the hard work of its affiliates and giving them incentives is a great way to show that appreciation. Admittedly, this is something that has been lacking in the Dohop affiliate program but we already are planning on implementing several different incentives to the program this year. Types of incentives for flight affiliate programs: Referral program Increased revenue share based on performance Sign up bonus (E. How long is the cookie duration? These are questions that need to be asked before choosing the right flight affiliate program. Terms & Conditions. Don’t be lazy. Read the terms and conditions and make sure that the fine print isn’t going against your best interests. Who is Managing the Affiliate Program? Is there a designated affiliate manager? Even though experience matters, more important factors include responsiveness and personal support. It’s also important that the affiliate manager has ambitions for the affiliate program so you can grow with the program as an affiliate. Conclusion: Which flight affiliate program should you choose? In conclusion, no flight affiliate program is perfect for everybody. Think carefully about what you want to get out of the program, who your users are, your business strategy, and keep these factors in mind before making your decision: Commission structure Earning potential and revenue share Conversion rates Vendors Try at least 2 programs Support Brand strength and reputation Product / Technology Tracking & reporting platform Promo materials Incentives Cookie duration Terms & conditions Affiliate management. We are proud of our flight affiliate program but we realize that we can improve in several areas and we will continue to work towards a better program for our affiliates. If you have any questions about flight affiliate programs or the Dohop flight affiliate program, let us know in the comments below. If you already think the Dohop affiliate program is the right program for you, you can sign up here. Low Cost Flights Blog » affiliate programs. I was contacted by my Publisher Manager in Trade. Doubler today and I was asked for my opinion about my relationship with Trade. Doubler and with her. I am always glad to give feedback, so I decided to write a series of articles with my feedback for Trade. Doubler, Zanox, Affili. Trade. Tracker, Commission. Junction and other affiliate networks I am working with. I first met Sheetal Sahota (International Publisher Manager for Trade. Doubler) in January 2. I must say that she managed to change my opinion about Trade. Doubler in less than a month. Add Tabs & More Features. The Windows File Explorer is feature- rich and quite a handy file and folder manager. But if you are looking forward to adding tabs, and many other features, to make the humble explorer run on steroids, you can check out some of these freeware applications and add- ins. Like the tabbed browsing feature in Internet Explorer, you can also add tabs to your Windows Explorer, using these tools. You can. It is an Add- In that gives Tab Browsing Feature to your Explorer. It also adds a few other features like a drop- down preview, useful toolbar buttons, Recently Closed button, plus plugin support. Now right click on it and enable QTTab. Bar. Alternatively, there are also some explorer. Windows Explorer. You can check these out: Have a look at them before you decide to settle down with one! Go here if you want to use the registry to Add Copy, Paste and Delete Buttons to Windows 7 Explorer toolbar! Windows Explorer Replacement software free downloads and reviews at WinSite. Free Windows Explorer Replacement Shareware and Freeware. Super Explorer is a replacement for Windows Explorer which works much like the original but provides greatly enhanced functionality.
Five free alternatives to Windows Explorer. I'm not a fan of Windows Explorer as a file manager. Windows Explorer is a great tool, but the addition of a few little tweaks can make vastly improve your experience with the file and folder management system. ZSPLJUNLSlum Village - Fantastic Vol. QW5. 07. 4PBSlum Village - Fantastic Vol. Instrumentals)http: //www. GRD6. 66. LSlum Village - Trinity Past, Present, And Futurehttp: //www. Slum Village - Detroit Delihttp: //www. ANGAQG7. Slum Village - Prequel To A Classic (mixtape)http: //www. When Colours Emerge (2011 @ Unknown). Shelley Harland – Different World 2010 (Sapphirecut Atmospheric Remix) 08. 11.Marconi Union - Stationary rapidshare hotfile depositfiles.
Marconi Union Different Colours Rapidshare SearchFJ6. HGE7. Slum Village - Slum Villagehttp: //www. DWSZBX3. 4Jay Dee - Welcome To Detroithttp: //www. BGZM3. UIJay Dee - Welcome To Detroit (Instrumentals)http: //www. Marconi Union Different Colours Rapidshare DownloadPK5. NA8. G8. Jay Dee - ~Censored~ The Police 1. CD(The Ultimate Collection Of Queen Live Tracks). Time And Change: Last Recordings (blues-soul legend died in 2015 at age 72; featuring multi-instrumentalist Pat Herlehy; producer: McClain) Meat Loaf. Stretching Tension Wire On Chain Link Fence. Question: I am having problems installing the bottom tension wire on my chain link fence. What is the best way to stretch tension wire tight? Reply: Installing tension wire tight can be a real challenge even for some experienced. Here are some tips that will help. 4521 Warren Ravenna Rd Newton Falls, Ohio 44444 P: 1-800-355-2335. Let the DIYNetwork.com experts show you how to add a durable chain link fence to your property. How to Construct a Chain Link Fence. Tension wire is commonly used to stiffen the top or bottom of a. Contrary to the belief that it somehow is woven through the. In the. case of bottom wire, the wire should be placed on the same side as the chain link between. The top wire is used in place of top rail and is. Many types of wire are used for tension wire. The intended wire is. So we have our Lewmar windlass installed and bow roller, what do people think about a chain stopper vs. And can someone explain. AUTOMATIC PRIMARY CHAIN TENSIONER GENERAL Kit Number 40063-05B. After installing seat. Removing and installing camshafts and hydraulic chain tensioner Special tools and workshop equipment required Counterhold tool -3036- Torque wrench -V.A.G 1331- Torque wrench -V.A.G 1332- Tensioning bolt -T10092- Mandrel. Cord & Chain Retainers - Fasteners - Tensioners : Chain Retainer; Cord Retainer; Cord Cleats; Cord Guides; Cord Tensioners. Universal Cord or Chain Tensioner Kit Item # COR-UCT3. 3' tall - Spring Loaded Tensioner.It has slight bends back and forth, called springs, that resist. We recommend a 1. It is made to stretch, whereas most other. You could purchase the whole coil (for about $4. You'll have a lifetime supply of utility wire for your household. If this is a no- go proposition, purchase a heavier regular gauge in a manageable. First of all, use brace bands and bolts for the terminal post. The method of wrapping the wire around the end posts is inferior and can make the. The savings in fittings are not worth the money and the. Make your first connection by making a. Wrap the wire around itself tightly. The easiest way to do this with 7 ga. Use a helper, if available, because this may take two. You can also pass a large heavy duty screw driver, or the handle. Give yourself plenty of tail wire to work with, with. Use the hole in the handle of a. The wrench will ride flat against the wire and as you wind it. The wrench will give you leverage. If you leave a lot of tail wire (about a foot), you can easily wrap it. About 5- 6 wraps meets most requirements. There is a way to spread your fence pliers. I don't have time to. Now make the hookup by bolting the loop onto a brace band about. That method is easier than grunting down in the. Chain Replacement And Repair. When installing or repairing a chain that uses a special replacement pin, or a chain that uses any pin, keep in mind that most chain failure is due to one of the pins being improperly installed. Installing automatic chain tensioner. You search Auto repair manual PDF installing automatic chain tensioner. Manual Tensioner: 1985-2000 Models 4. Using windlass tensioner jox4rd1620. Subscribe Subscribed Unsubscribe 6 6. Installing a Profish 700 windlass on a Grady-White Journey 258. All About Anchor and Windlass Chain for Your Boat - Duration. I am installing an anchor roller and subsequently, an anchor chain tensioner. My tensioner is like the one in the photo. The tensioner will only open. Not a pleasant site regardless of your physique. Uncoil the wire carefully as you back up the fence line to the next. Make sure you are on the chain link side of the posts as you do so. Many. installers prefer to have one person hold the coil at one end of the stretch while the. Whichever method is used, do not let. Always wrap a rope or wire. It can be like a snake, left unattended. On long stretches, use a come- a- long and wire gripper to pull the. Don't wrap the come- a- long too close to where the brace band belongs or you. Use a wire or cable sling to hook the come- a- long to the terminal. Your. come- a- long will last longer and you won't get those nasty splintered cable wires that. Hold both ends of the wire before cutting. I saw the end. spring back ten feet one time and knock a man's tooth out. It did not improve his. Put the other brace band and bolt into the position where it. Pull the wire hand tight as hard as you can past the post with one hand and place. Now without losing that position bend the wire end sharply at your marking. That is where the next loop has to be. You can. choose to make the loop like previously with your nose out of the mud or push the end into. On top wire I choose the later and on. I prefer to pre- loop. Be careful not to shorten the length, if you pre- loop. Slide the brace band bolt through the loop and tighten the bolt. If the stretch is too short, say 1. Simply hand pull it tight, make your 9. If you make the second loop a little. If you fail to get it as tight as you would have liked, don't. Simply take a pair of pliers and place the jaws around the wire stretch at a 9. Repeat this crimping method every 6 inches or so along the. Most installers over tighten the stretches with a come- a- long. Do. not crank the come- a- long until it will crank no more. That is too tight assuming you are. If you are using the 2 ton variety with the pulley on the. That makes it a 1 ton come- a- long. That is enough for any fence or. Another tip: Temporarily tie the bottom tension wire to every fifth. This will get the wire. After stretching the bottom tension wire release the temporary ties. Place hog. rings a maximum of 2' apart or as needed securing the wire to the chain link mesh. Ideally. place alternate the hog rings in such a way that one is 'squeezed' to the bottom of the. The wires I speak of are the top and. This, in effect. lifts the bottom wire, when attached to a top intersecting wire, and pulls down on a. The wire should still be straight, but it will bind it so it. No tie wires are necessary to hold the tension wire to the line. Someday I'll add some much needed illustrations here, but I just got. I'm not real sure we did the job), a truck broke down, a Bobcat. I tried to get out of but couldn't and some gal. Tennessee fence company just called who wants to know how a gate opening size is. Skidrow Games - Crack - Full Version Pc Games Download Free. FULL GAME – GOTY – ALL DLC – TORRENT The Witcher is a story- driven, next- generation open world role- playing game, set in a visually stunning fantasy universe, full of meaningful choices and impactful consequences. In The Witcher, you play as Geralt of Rivia, a monster hunter tasked with finding a child from an ancient prophecy. The Witcher 2 Assassins of Kings ( Highly compressed Mediafire resumable link) Download-> The Witcher 2 Assassins of Kings. Password-> www.downloadrider.com Rar Password-> RNP75TW2AOK-UPBYRAMIS. Home Big-Games NETLOAD RAPIDSHARE RPG The Witcher Enhanced Edition SKIDROW. The Witcher Enhanced Edition. The Witcher combines spectacular action and an intriguing. Remember links posted here were tested and worked fine. The Witcher 3 Wild Hunt Update v1 21 - BAT. Submitted by RSLinks on Tuesday, May 31, 2016 - 12:37. Dark Souls III Update v1 04 - CODEX. Submitted by RSLinks on Thursday, April 28. Free Download All XBOX 360 Games Direct Link And Mediafire Link, Jumbofiles Link, PutLocker Link, GlumboUploads Link. GameStar Sonderheft 04/2015 The Witcher 3. Home Download RapidShare Streams Home Adult Torrent Downloads eMule Downloads. Links Info Eintragsdatum; GameStar Sonderheft 04/2015 The Witcher 3. Note: This is not the latest patch, but your installation must include this patch (or be Enhanced Edition of The Witcher) in order to apply the newest patch. The latest patch is here. Versions of the patch 1.4 downloaded. FREE DOWNLOAD PC game - The Witcher. Group PLATiN are back with release number 32. The Witcher is a lovely new Fantasy Role Playing game. Rapidshare Download Links: http://rapidshare.com/files/79654756/Witch. Paramedic Welcome and thank you for your interest in our Paramedic Program. The goal of Mt. SAC's Paramedic Program is to prepare competent entry- level Paramedics. The core courses also provide a path to an Associate in Science Degree in. Emergency Medical Services. Please click here for more information. A list of available degrees and certificates offered in the Paramedic program; Degree / Certificate Title Courses; Associate in Applied Science (AAS). Contact ECPI University today about our Paramedic (EMT) training program in Newport News, VA and you could earn your Emergency Medical Services degree in as little as. EMS Department Information. We are a nationally recognized leader in EMS education offering one of the few university programs in the country with joint degree. SAC has been providing quality paramedic training and is accredited. Committee on Accreditation of EMS Programs (Co. AEMSP) and Committee on Accreditation. Allied Health Programs (CAAHEP) through 2. Program outcomes data can be found. The Paramedic Program includes a 2. San Antonio College. Each class. including didactic, clinical and field phases of training is approximately 1. Saturday Oct. 1, 9: 0. Note: These days contain different content and are both mandatory. Your paramedic training at Pima Medical Institute will prepare you to further your. View Gainful Employment consumer information for this program (Associate Degree). Training more than satisfies the strict University standards for a degree program and for that. LaGuardia’s Paramedic Certificate Program In addition to the Paramedic AAS degree program, LaGuardia offers a Paramedic certificate through the Division of Adult. Saturdays are family. Mondays and Wednesdays). EMS 2: Jan. 3. 0, 3. February 6, 7, 1. Day compression due to MLK, Jr. Saturdays are family. NOTE: It is CRUCIAL that candidates not only prepare academically, but also personally and. This is a full- time program. You will need to prepare for living expenses and not working to ensure your success. Intro: How to program your comcast remote. This instructable will clearly describe (unlike the Comcast manual) how to program your remote to operate a TV, DVD, Stereo. Download directv receiver manual downloads directv support pdf . Download tv zenith manual. How to program a Direct Tv remote in 1 minute. One Simple Code to Program DirecTV Remote to TV - Duration. ZENITH RECEIVER MANUAL - 2qvl1.manualsbook.no-ip.net download zenith royal 3000 1 service manual pdf download pdf 3 INTRODUCTION Congratulations! You now have an exclusive DIRECTV Programming Your Zenith ZEN Remote. Universal Remote Control Inc. Press and hold the component button you would like to program until the LED lights. Convert Fortran to C or C++I have some numeric code that I need to convert to C or C++. I tried using f. 2c, but it won't work on the Fortran code.
DB2, MAINFRAME, JCL, JOB CONTROL LANGUAGE, MIGRATION, PORTING, CONVERSION, LEGACY Fortran, C, K&R, ANSI C.Overview about Fortran 90/95 for C/C++ programmers. Fortran provides a set of routines to convert a. Experts Exchange > Questions > Fortran to C++ Conversion. I have a heap of Fortran code that I need to convert into. Motivation For Hiring Alien Workers? Download a pdf of this Backgrounder David North, a Fellow of the Center for Immigration Studies, has been working with nonimmigrant employment matters for more than four decades in various government agencies, in think tanks, and for foundations. He is grateful to Jesica Ray, a CIS intern, for her research assistance. Why do U. S.- based employers, who are quite happy to make things in the United States, sell things to American consumers, and accept lush contracts and tax- breaks from Uncle Sam, want to hire temporary foreign workers, such as those in the H- 1. B program? They make two basic arguments: 1) there are labor shortages that hamper production; and 2) many of the firms claim that they cannot hire the . In reality, the employers' motivation is primarily to cut labor costs by hiring less expensive foreign workers, but it is more complex than that in many cases; there are three other factors, rarely mentioned, that underpin the decision to seek nonimmigrant workers: All temporary alien workers are indentured by the terms of admission to the United States, and do not have the ability to fend for themselves as do citizen and green card workers. Nearly 190 million people, about three percent of the world’s population, lived outside their country of birth in 2005. A look at the flow of people. THE IMPACT OF THE BRACERO PROGRAMS ON A SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA MEXICAN- AMERICAN COMMUNITY A Field Study of Cucamonga, California By Daniel Mart Find program websites, online videos and more for your favorite PBS shows. Former House Ways and Means Committee Chairman Charles Rangel put it this way: “This guestworker program’s the closest thing I’ve ever seen to slavery.”1. The recorded History of Texas begins with the arrival of the first Spanish conquistadors in the region now known as Texas in 1519, who found the region populated by. When is the last time you read about temporary foreign workers forming a union? Temporary alien workers are, in addition to their indentured status, recruited from among docile, authority- fearing Third World populations and are thus relatively easy to manage. When is the last time you read of massive admissions of temporary workers from lands with strong histories of worker rights, such as Canada, Sweden, or Germany? Temporary alien workers are often younger than the work force as a whole, and employers can use (and rig) the rules to hire primarily young people via the visa route. In addition, in some circumstances, tradition, ethnocentrism, and physical beauty are factors within the minds (or perhaps subconsciousnesses) of some employers. This report, incidentally, does not cover the purely criminal motivations sometimes at play in the use of nonimmigrant programs, both fraud for monetary reasons and the illicit use of nonimmigrant women in the sex trade. There is much more of this than reported because of generally lax enforcement of the immigration process, but that is another subject. Before looking in some depth at the rarely discussed indenture, docility, and youth variables, let's briefly review the shortage/wage- reduction and . Labor and Wage Shortages A former boss of mine, the late U. S. Willard Wirtz,1 used to tell people that when there is a mismatch of workers and jobs, employers have two choices: they can adjust the wages offered or they can seek to adjust the work force. Routinely, he said, they chose the latter. That this choice always exists is rarely mentioned by employers, who, instead, argue that there is a . The favored adjustment of the labor force by such employers is to seek temporary foreign workers, something that can be arranged through a variety of congressionally shaped programs, almost always designed by employers. These include the H programs, which are partially managed by the Department of Labor: H- 1. B, for high- tech workers; H- 2. A, for farm workers; and H- 2. B, for non- skilled, non- agricultural workers. There are also a batch of other working visas, which do not relate to Do. L, such as F, J, L, O, P, Q, R, and TN (Nafta); all of these can be used, one way or another, to legalize the employment of aliens in the United States. Of course, but they involve thousands of jobs, not hundreds of thousands or millions of them. If a university seeks a professor of Mongolian languages and literature who must have a Ph. D and a native's skill with that language, the university should be able to recruit overseas; so should a zoo that needs a veterinarian really skilled with the diseases of the water buffalo. But nonimmigrant worker programs started decades ago to handle such one- off shortages have morphed over time into massive admissions systems that not only fill jobs with aliens that could have been filed by residents (citizens and green card holders) they lower wages for all concerned where they concentrate. Thus, these systems impose both displacement and wage- depression impacts on the U. S. For more data and insights into these labor/wage shortage arguments, one could read my colleague Steven Camarota on Census data showing, on a macro scale, that 5. Americans of working age are not working, or, for a more focused look at the high- tech labor market, the work of Hal Salzman, et al., showing that we have many more Americans with high- tech backgrounds than the number working in those fields, and for the contrary point of view, one could consider Stuart Anderson's writings on industry's alleged needs for more high- tech workers. Best and Brightest. Industry leaders, from Bill Gates on down, have said that America must have the best and the brightest, and that such persons can be found among foreign students getting technical educations in U. S. That need- and- policy mix does not make sense. NFL teams hire new quarterbacks from time to time. Most of those chosen are 2. Do the teams announce tryouts for all healthy males between the ages of 2. They have far more sophisticated selection techniques. So should the nation if it is seeking someone with rare skills, and we have such systems. My personal reaction to the plea that we need to change the rules for immigrant and non- immigrant workers to accommodate some of the world's ablest people is to ask this question: If the alien is talented enough to, say, crack the Kremlin's computers or cure cancer, is that individual, and his or her handlers and lawyers and friends and would- be U. S. If so, one wonders about the brilliance and creativity of all concerned. Computer science professor Norman Matloff (UC- Davis) takes a different approach. He writes: Though the United States should indeed welcome the immigration of the ? Compared to Americans of the same education and age the former foreign students turn out to be weaker than, or at most comparable to, the Americans in terms of salary, patent applications, Ph. D dissertation awards, and quality of the doctoral programs in which they studied. He then cites chapter and verse to prove his points. His research framework excludes the Indian outsourcing firms, whose wage levels would skew the results (but in a way that would support Matloff's basic point). Each of these attractions, of course, has favorable economic overtones for the employers, but economics is not the whole story. Let's look at these other factors one at a time. Indenture. A basic truth of America's foreign worker programs is that the alien, like the coal miner in the Merle Travis/Tennessee Ernie Ford song, . Nonimmigrant workers are not free men and women; they act accordingly and employers love it! If an American loses his or her job, that's bad news for the individual, but the newly fired citizen worker is not in danger of being thrown out of the county and is likely to be consoled for the job loss with some months of unemployment insurance payments. The nonimmigrant worker, on the other hand, when he loses his job loses his legal right to remain in the country, and has no unemployment checks as compensation. So, as another former Labor Secretary, Ray Marshall, puts it, the foreign worker always . While all nonimmigrant workers are, theoretically at least, in danger of losing their legal status at all times, there are six circles of indenture or purgatory, as Table 1 indicates. The spectrum in the table starts, at its bleakest, with Circle 6; here we have, at least in the past, the Jamaican farm worker fearing that if he loses his job, not only does he lose the paycheck and legal presence in America, but he also forfeits any chance of ever working (as an alien farm worker) in the United States again. This system may not still be in operation, but it served as a major incentive to Jamaican farm workers in the 1. Since the H- 2 worker. U. S. A worker fired by one American employer for cause would be forever barred from being referred to another U. S. Needless to say, despite the abundance of unions in Jamaica, none ever appeared among the sugarcane cutters or apple pickers recruited through that procedure. Higher in the table we see other, more nuanced, forms of indenture. The recent college graduate working in Circle 4 on a 2. OPT visa,5 a spin- off of the F- 1 visa he used as a student, works hard so that his employer will convert him to the longer- range H- 1. B program. In Circle 3, the still- indentured worker, while in H- 1. B status, wants it to be renewed, and in Circle 2 his desire is for the employer to file for a green card. There is still an aura of indenture in Circle 1 where the H- 1. B labors while waiting — often for years — for the promised green card. It is possible for an H- 1. B worker to switch from one H- 1. B employer to another, but the indenture continues. Workers in Circle 1 are unlikely to change employers (although it is possible) for fear of upsetting the green card scenario. To further strengthen the bond of the indenture — at all stages and in all programs — there is the variable of the debt that may have been incurred to get the nonimmigrant visa. This is not always a factor, but when it is present it makes the worker that much more tied to the employer because if the job ends before the debt is paid off, the alien worker is in a terrible jam. Such a debt can now accrue in one of three ways: The worker must bribe his or her way into the program in the course of the recruiting process; such bribes are more likely to be paid to middlemen than to government officials; The worker is charged excessive (and illegal) fees by the recruiting agency, often fees that should have been paid by the employer; and/or The worker or his family has paid for education in a U. S. In the bad old days (the 1. |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |